A Supplemental Information About Assessment Design and Development

A.1 Differential Item Functioning Plots

The plots in this section display the best-fitting regression line for each gender group, with jittered plots representing the total linkage levels mastered for individuals in each gender group. Plots are labeled with the item ID, and only items with non-negligible effect-size changes are included. The results from the uniform and combined logistic regression models are presented separately. For a full description of the analysis, see Chapter 3 of the 2021–2022 Technical Manual—Instructionally Embedded Model (Dynamic Learning Maps Consortium, 2022).

A.1.1 Uniform Model

These plots show items that had a non-negligible effect-size change when comparing the model that includes a predictor for the total linkage levels mastered to the model that includes a predictor for the total linkage levels mastered and a group membership variable. In this model, the probability of a correct response was modeled as a function of ability and group membership.

The plot of the uniform gender differential item function evidence for Mathematics item 50337. The figure contains points shaded by group. The figure also contains a logistic regression curve for each group. The total linkage levels mastered in is on the x-axis, and the probability of a correct response is on the y-axis. The plot of the uniform gender differential item function evidence for English language arts item 23698. The figure contains points shaded by group. The figure also contains a logistic regression curve for each group. The total linkage levels mastered in is on the x-axis, and the probability of a correct response is on the y-axis. The plot of the uniform gender differential item function evidence for English language arts item 56052. The figure contains points shaded by group. The figure also contains a logistic regression curve for each group. The total linkage levels mastered in is on the x-axis, and the probability of a correct response is on the y-axis. The plot of the uniform race differential item function evidence for English language arts item 37778. The figure contains points shaded by group. The figure also contains a logistic regression curve for each group. The total linkage levels mastered in is on the x-axis, and the probability of a correct response is on the y-axis. The plot of the uniform race differential item function evidence for Mathematics item 8795. The figure contains points shaded by group. The figure also contains a logistic regression curve for each group. The total linkage levels mastered in is on the x-axis, and the probability of a correct response is on the y-axis.

A.1.2 Combined Model

These plots show items that had a non-negligible effect-size change when comparing the model that includes a predictor for the total linkage levels mastered to the model that includes a predictor for the total linkage levels mastered, a group membership variable, and their interaction. In this model, the probability of a correct response was modeled as a function of ability, group membership, and their interaction.

The plot of the combined gender differential item function evidence for Mathematics item 50337. The figure contains points shaded by group. The figure also contains a logistic regression curve for each group. The total linkage levels mastered in is on the x-axis, and the probability of a correct response is on the y-axis. The plot of the combined gender differential item function evidence for English language arts item 23698. The figure contains points shaded by group. The figure also contains a logistic regression curve for each group. The total linkage levels mastered in is on the x-axis, and the probability of a correct response is on the y-axis. The plot of the combined gender differential item function evidence for English language arts item 34218. The figure contains points shaded by group. The figure also contains a logistic regression curve for each group. The total linkage levels mastered in is on the x-axis, and the probability of a correct response is on the y-axis. The plot of the combined gender differential item function evidence for English language arts item 34475. The figure contains points shaded by group. The figure also contains a logistic regression curve for each group. The total linkage levels mastered in is on the x-axis, and the probability of a correct response is on the y-axis. The plot of the combined gender differential item function evidence for English language arts item 37569. The figure contains points shaded by group. The figure also contains a logistic regression curve for each group. The total linkage levels mastered in is on the x-axis, and the probability of a correct response is on the y-axis. The plot of the combined gender differential item function evidence for English language arts item 38765. The figure contains points shaded by group. The figure also contains a logistic regression curve for each group. The total linkage levels mastered in is on the x-axis, and the probability of a correct response is on the y-axis. The plot of the combined gender differential item function evidence for English language arts item 39373. The figure contains points shaded by group. The figure also contains a logistic regression curve for each group. The total linkage levels mastered in is on the x-axis, and the probability of a correct response is on the y-axis. The plot of the combined gender differential item function evidence for English language arts item 48051. The figure contains points shaded by group. The figure also contains a logistic regression curve for each group. The total linkage levels mastered in is on the x-axis, and the probability of a correct response is on the y-axis. The plot of the combined gender differential item function evidence for English language arts item 55000. The figure contains points shaded by group. The figure also contains a logistic regression curve for each group. The total linkage levels mastered in is on the x-axis, and the probability of a correct response is on the y-axis. The plot of the combined gender differential item function evidence for English language arts item 55534. The figure contains points shaded by group. The figure also contains a logistic regression curve for each group. The total linkage levels mastered in is on the x-axis, and the probability of a correct response is on the y-axis. The plot of the combined gender differential item function evidence for English language arts item 55679. The figure contains points shaded by group. The figure also contains a logistic regression curve for each group. The total linkage levels mastered in is on the x-axis, and the probability of a correct response is on the y-axis. The plot of the combined gender differential item function evidence for English language arts item 55722. The figure contains points shaded by group. The figure also contains a logistic regression curve for each group. The total linkage levels mastered in is on the x-axis, and the probability of a correct response is on the y-axis. The plot of the combined gender differential item function evidence for English language arts item 56052. The figure contains points shaded by group. The figure also contains a logistic regression curve for each group. The total linkage levels mastered in is on the x-axis, and the probability of a correct response is on the y-axis. The plot of the combined gender differential item function evidence for English language arts item 68899. The figure contains points shaded by group. The figure also contains a logistic regression curve for each group. The total linkage levels mastered in is on the x-axis, and the probability of a correct response is on the y-axis. The plot of the combined gender differential item function evidence for English language arts item 80720. The figure contains points shaded by group. The figure also contains a logistic regression curve for each group. The total linkage levels mastered in is on the x-axis, and the probability of a correct response is on the y-axis. The plot of the combined gender differential item function evidence for English language arts item 9186. The figure contains points shaded by group. The figure also contains a logistic regression curve for each group. The total linkage levels mastered in is on the x-axis, and the probability of a correct response is on the y-axis. The plot of the combined gender differential item function evidence for Mathematics item 21284. The figure contains points shaded by group. The figure also contains a logistic regression curve for each group. The total linkage levels mastered in is on the x-axis, and the probability of a correct response is on the y-axis. The plot of the combined gender differential item function evidence for Mathematics item 41470. The figure contains points shaded by group. The figure also contains a logistic regression curve for each group. The total linkage levels mastered in is on the x-axis, and the probability of a correct response is on the y-axis. The plot of the combined gender differential item function evidence for Mathematics item 44675. The figure contains points shaded by group. The figure also contains a logistic regression curve for each group. The total linkage levels mastered in is on the x-axis, and the probability of a correct response is on the y-axis. The plot of the combined gender differential item function evidence for Mathematics item 79388. The figure contains points shaded by group. The figure also contains a logistic regression curve for each group. The total linkage levels mastered in is on the x-axis, and the probability of a correct response is on the y-axis. The plot of the combined gender differential item function evidence for Mathematics item 80268. The figure contains points shaded by group. The figure also contains a logistic regression curve for each group. The total linkage levels mastered in is on the x-axis, and the probability of a correct response is on the y-axis. The plot of the combined race differential item function evidence for English language arts item 14515. The figure contains points shaded by group. The figure also contains a logistic regression curve for each group. The total linkage levels mastered in is on the x-axis, and the probability of a correct response is on the y-axis. The plot of the combined race differential item function evidence for English language arts item 32760. The figure contains points shaded by group. The figure also contains a logistic regression curve for each group. The total linkage levels mastered in is on the x-axis, and the probability of a correct response is on the y-axis. The plot of the combined race differential item function evidence for English language arts item 37778. The figure contains points shaded by group. The figure also contains a logistic regression curve for each group. The total linkage levels mastered in is on the x-axis, and the probability of a correct response is on the y-axis. The plot of the combined race differential item function evidence for Mathematics item 8795. The figure contains points shaded by group. The figure also contains a logistic regression curve for each group. The total linkage levels mastered in is on the x-axis, and the probability of a correct response is on the y-axis. The plot of the combined race differential item function evidence for English language arts item 23256. The figure contains points shaded by group. The figure also contains a logistic regression curve for each group. The total linkage levels mastered in is on the x-axis, and the probability of a correct response is on the y-axis. The plot of the combined race differential item function evidence for English language arts item 34979. The figure contains points shaded by group. The figure also contains a logistic regression curve for each group. The total linkage levels mastered in is on the x-axis, and the probability of a correct response is on the y-axis. The plot of the combined race differential item function evidence for English language arts item 35211. The figure contains points shaded by group. The figure also contains a logistic regression curve for each group. The total linkage levels mastered in is on the x-axis, and the probability of a correct response is on the y-axis. The plot of the combined race differential item function evidence for English language arts item 38421. The figure contains points shaded by group. The figure also contains a logistic regression curve for each group. The total linkage levels mastered in is on the x-axis, and the probability of a correct response is on the y-axis. The plot of the combined race differential item function evidence for English language arts item 54951. The figure contains points shaded by group. The figure also contains a logistic regression curve for each group. The total linkage levels mastered in is on the x-axis, and the probability of a correct response is on the y-axis. The plot of the combined race differential item function evidence for Mathematics item 10660. The figure contains points shaded by group. The figure also contains a logistic regression curve for each group. The total linkage levels mastered in is on the x-axis, and the probability of a correct response is on the y-axis. The plot of the combined race differential item function evidence for Mathematics item 31566. The figure contains points shaded by group. The figure also contains a logistic regression curve for each group. The total linkage levels mastered in is on the x-axis, and the probability of a correct response is on the y-axis. The plot of the combined race differential item function evidence for Mathematics item 31576. The figure contains points shaded by group. The figure also contains a logistic regression curve for each group. The total linkage levels mastered in is on the x-axis, and the probability of a correct response is on the y-axis. The plot of the combined race differential item function evidence for Mathematics item 40521. The figure contains points shaded by group. The figure also contains a logistic regression curve for each group. The total linkage levels mastered in is on the x-axis, and the probability of a correct response is on the y-axis. The plot of the combined race differential item function evidence for Mathematics item 79809. The figure contains points shaded by group. The figure also contains a logistic regression curve for each group. The total linkage levels mastered in is on the x-axis, and the probability of a correct response is on the y-axis.